Which are primary routes of occupational exposure to hazardous drugs?

• A. Dermal contact
• B. Inhalation of aerosols or powders
• C. Ocular exposure
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Hazardous drugs can enter the body through multiple routes, and exposure can occur via the skin, through inhaled aerosols or powders, or through the eyes. Dermal contact is a key route because drugs can contaminate skin, gloves, gowns, and surfaces during preparation and administration, with absorption possible even from small amounts if proper protection isn’t used. Inhalation risks come from aerosols or fine powders generated during handling or compounding, so controls like closed-system transfer devices and appropriate ventilation reduce airborne exposure. Eyes are vulnerable to splashes or airborne particulates that reach the conjunctiva, making eye protection and prompt rinsing essential. Since each of these pathways is a recognized route of occupational exposure, “All of the above” is the best answer because it captures every primary route that safety measures must address.